
2009年3月12日星期四
Information about design for agriculture
Agroprocessing
Agriculture alone is not always able to provide a reliable livelihood for the growing populations in many developing countries. Alternative or additional income generating opportunities are needed to support the millions of poor families who can no longer support their livelihoods from the land alone.
Agroprocessing - turning primary agricultural products into other commodities for market - has the potential to provide those opportunities.
Practical Action's agroprocessing projects aim to increase income and access to food for the poor, by establishing small-scale, appropriate and sustainable processing businesses that are flexible, require little capital investment and can be carried out in the home without the need for sophisticated or expensive equipment.
Peanut butter production
ITDGPractical Action has helped more than 100 women and some men increase their income through peanut butter production to ten times the average per capita earnings in Zimbabwe.
Most peanut butter producers are women working from their own homes. Traditionally they make the butter by manually grinding peanuts between two stones - and then grinding them again.
ITDGPractical Action has introduced small electric grinding mills which have reduced the drudgery involved in making peanut butter and increased quality and productivity.
Women are able to rent time on the machine at ITDGPractical Action’s ‘service centres’ for small entrepreneurs; or in cases like Fadzavanhu Enterprises, a small women’s co-operative, ITDGPractical Action can help the producers get access to credit to buy a mill.
Technical advice is central to the project - for example, to avoid the risk of toxic mould on the peanuts. But business and marketing training may also be required to enable these small scale producers to sell their product successfully in local markets.
Honey processing
Practical Action's agro-processing programme has helped around 1000 beekeepers in Zimbabwe to produce more and better quality honey and so increase their incomes.
One of the technical changes adopted by the beekeepers has been the Kenyan ‘top-bar’ hive, a more efficient and productive construction than the variable traditional hives, but one which can still be made from local materials.
Again, technology is only part of the story. Practical Action has helped beekeepers improve their techniques, but has also helped them to organise together in beekeepers’ associations, which are able to facilitate better access to markets, and to establish a collective honey processing centre which is also a key point for sales.
安徽休宁“新平民教育”
“要让教育真正惠民,政府就必须通过各种措施引导办好各类教育。”2000年就开始在休宁任职的县委书记胡宁在跟记者探讨政府的教育责任时提出,满足人民群众希望孩子接受高等教育的要求,办好高水平的基础教育,是政府的职责;实行“新平民教育”,让孩子们走一条有别于普通学校教育的“非典型性”成长道路,同样也是政府义不容辞的责任。
培养中国首批木工“匠士”
正是禀承着这样的理念,2003年4月,休宁县政府和德胜洋楼有限公司联合创办了全国首家木工学校。学校将“做人与做事”相结合的办学理念融入到日常教育教学管理中,从山区贫困家庭招收的学生不仅要“一斧一刨、一锯一锛”练就过硬、实用的木工技术,同时还学会了“一言一行、一举一动”的做人之道。
经过两年正规训练,2005年6月木工学校39名毕业生合格毕业并成为中国首批木工“匠士”,在社会各界引起强烈反响。目前,学校已毕业4届“匠士”130余人,全部奔赴上海、杭州等地走上了工作岗位,每年收入2至5万元,平民职业教育与扶贫脱贫相结合的意义已经成功显现。日前,休宁县的“德胜木工匠士”,在“首届全国劳务品牌展示交流大会”上荣获“全国优秀劳务品牌”荣誉称号。


“我们来自平民,在学校里学会做一个平民,将来在社会里做一个好公民”——与社会上追求高分数和升学率的价值观相反,“休宁德胜平民学校”确立了这样的办学宗旨。2005年9月正式成立的平民学校是一所全免费寄宿学校,推行的是陶行知先生“生活即教育”的理念,按照育人为本、德育为先的教育教学方针和“诚实、勤劳、有爱心、不走捷径”的校训,践行书本与实践紧密结合的办学思路。
平民学校招生时,要与家长签订“合约”:接受学校“先育人,再教书”的理念;孩子必须“读平民书,做平民事,过平民的生活”;校方不向家长保证孩子毕业后能够进入重点学校读书。对于学生,学校除了上好文化课以外,从一年级开始,就每天开设劳动课程,提倡凡事都需自己动手,就连种庄稼也成了学生的必修课,培养劳动理念和习惯;注重生活育人,通过包括教学环节在内的各种活动,从细节渗透做人的道理,培养学生的公民素质与能力。短短三年时间,“生活即教育”理念已经显现成效,不仅学生在校比其他同龄孩子能力增强,回到家中更成为文明、自立、自强的小小“播火者”。
多渠道筹措资金改善办学条件
与此同时,休宁县委、县政府为满足群众对提高基础教育水平的需求,坚持财政投入向教育倾斜,多渠道筹措资金,积极改善办学条件,努力打造优质教育资源。作为省级贫困县,休宁从并不宽余的财政“荷包”里掏出5000万元,建设教育园区和青少年校外活动中心,从根本上改善办学条件。积极筹措资金配套完成了“农远工程”、“校校通工程”,使农村的孩子通过英特网走上了信息高速公路。
在县里大力支持下,休宁中学不仅完全拥有了城市示范高中所具备的各种现代化教学设施、设备,还建成了徽派风格的园林化校园。从2000年开始,这个山区小县的学校,与美国以及香港形成了正常的教育交流与合作机制,目前,休宁中学每年都有两名以上的耶鲁大学毕业生在校进行英语教学,开创了安徽中学外教教学的先河。
尝试回答如下a7 博朗收音机 a8马克钮森衣架 a9 jasper morrison椅子 a10新版pro(?) a11iPhoe a12雷朋太阳眼镜b1宝马x5 b6 马克牛森沙发 b7leicaM8 b8 不知道b9OXO螺丝起子 b11motorL7手机b12 PS2c1深泽直人自行车c5那个装酒瓶子的东西c7Dyson吸尘器c8c9c10c11可口可乐瓶子c13宜家玻璃杯c16eMacd1Atermide灯 d3 steelcase办公椅d5LAMY的笔 d76300手机d9马克钮森的福特概念车d14MarcNewson的手机e13LOMO相机e14瑞士军刀e16蚂蚁椅f3马克钮森椅子f4iPod操作界面f5mini太阳眼镜f14裙椅(潘顿椅)f16芬兰玻璃鸟g2马克钮森手电筒g4Marc Newson 自行车 g9 iPod Shuffle二代g11SONY电视遥控器g12Wii主机i3 希捷硬盘 i4G5 主机