2009年4月8日星期三
读书所感
失地农民户主的年龄年轻化趋势及其对居住模式的影响。村户主的年轻化趋势导致少人口的家庭和年轻户主家庭数量的迅速增长，造成大家庭内尊老爱幼的家长制度的缺失和家庭成员之间相互帮助、相互支持可能性的减小。这就要求增设与新的家庭结构相配套的服务机构和公共空间。如，对院落空间的重视，院落是农村住宅的典型公共空间，是农民生产活动的核心场所。改造前后失地家庭住宅平面布局发生了一个明显的变化：较原始住宅，新的安置住宅缺少私密性的交往空间。因此，作为失地农民原生生活方式的过渡，考虑私密性家庭交往空间和完善的配套设施是新居住模式的必然需求。 家庭分裂的普遍现象及其对居住模式的影响。旧村改造为多代家庭分裂创造了条件，本文对村改造安置过程中三代和两代家庭的分裂情况作了如下调研。选取这两类家庭中有代表性的一个家庭，分析他们安置前后的居住情况，发现这样一些现象：年轻家庭和老年核心家庭都认可各自独立的居住模式，多代家庭分开居住受到了失地农民的欢迎。可见，在近年的城市化过程中，东田村民的自主意识有了很大的提升，年轻人的独立意识增强，老年人也越来越不希望过分依赖晚辈。这些变化的缘由可归结为深入各个生活层次与领域的个体独立居住模式的社会趋势。因此，创造多元的家庭单位空间组合方式应该在城中村居住空间的改造过程中给予关注。[来源:论文天下论文网 lunwentianxia.com]
2009年4月6日星期一
简易滤水器
对于非洲自来水系统无法触及的农村穷人们来说，要喝到干净的水不是件容易的事。简易滤水器针对各类用户家里的环境，在滤网、材料、包装、运输、组装、摆放、使用方式等方面精心设计，让人们能够很容易获取并组装这个产品，将家周边的非纯净水转化成可以饮用的水，Martin Bolton 设计: 
Trying to keep the authenticity of the explanation of its working, here is what Martin has to say about the filter’s working:
Operation of the filter unit
The ceramic filter element is filled with water to be filtered, the water then saturates the ceramic filter element and slowly filters through the pores at a rate of between 1.5 to 2.5 liters per hour, provided the filter is kept full (as stated on the leaflet received from the existing filter element manufacturers). The filter needs the weight of the unfiltered water in the element to create sufficient pressure to push the water through the pores. The water filtering through the filter element drips into the receptacle where it is stored, ready for consumption. Users’ tap water from the plastic spigot attached through the receptacle wall. The covering lid prevents insects and dust from getting into contact with the filter element.
It has been shown that the filter element is able to improve the health related microbial quality of the water by means of the action of filtration. Effectiveness of the filter element, with regards to disinfection, can be increased with the application of colloidal silver to the filter element.Colloidal silver is an effective antibacterial water treating agent in the form of tiny silver particles suspended in liquid. It is a disinfectant that prevents bacterial growth in the ceramic filter and assists in inactivating the bacteria in the filter. It is applied to the Potpaz filter in the form of a painted-on solution, or by dipping (after the firing process) thereby allowing the solution to soak into the porous ceramic filter where it remains. A study indicates that after 15 years in operation, the colloidal silver is still effective in the ceramic filter. The only routine maintenance of the filter components is as follows: The filter element needs to be scrubbed and rinsed once the flow-rate decreases considerably (possible once a month), and the inside of the receptacle needs to be cleaned with soap and water once a month.
Designer: Martin Bolton
Operation of the filter unit
The ceramic filter element is filled with water to be filtered, the water then saturates the ceramic filter element and slowly filters through the pores at a rate of between 1.5 to 2.5 liters per hour, provided the filter is kept full (as stated on the leaflet received from the existing filter element manufacturers). The filter needs the weight of the unfiltered water in the element to create sufficient pressure to push the water through the pores. The water filtering through the filter element drips into the receptacle where it is stored, ready for consumption. Users’ tap water from the plastic spigot attached through the receptacle wall. The covering lid prevents insects and dust from getting into contact with the filter element.
It has been shown that the filter element is able to improve the health related microbial quality of the water by means of the action of filtration. Effectiveness of the filter element, with regards to disinfection, can be increased with the application of colloidal silver to the filter element.Colloidal silver is an effective antibacterial water treating agent in the form of tiny silver particles suspended in liquid. It is a disinfectant that prevents bacterial growth in the ceramic filter and assists in inactivating the bacteria in the filter. It is applied to the Potpaz filter in the form of a painted-on solution, or by dipping (after the firing process) thereby allowing the solution to soak into the porous ceramic filter where it remains. A study indicates that after 15 years in operation, the colloidal silver is still effective in the ceramic filter. The only routine maintenance of the filter components is as follows: The filter element needs to be scrubbed and rinsed once the flow-rate decreases considerably (possible once a month), and the inside of the receptacle needs to be cleaned with soap and water once a month.
Designer: Martin Bolton
2009年4月1日星期三
农业运输的种类
将各种农业生产资料、农副产品和生活资料等从一个地点运送到另一个地点的交通工具。在农业生产过程中,用于农业运输的劳动量约占总劳动量的25～50％(因运输机械化程度而不同)。因此,提高农业运输机械的运输效率，对发展农业生产、组织物质交流、提高农业劳动生产率具有重要意义。
农业运输机械运送的物料种类繁多，性状各异。如作物秸秆、草捆、青贮饲料等重量轻、体积大，每吨载重量占用的装载容积达4～5立方米。而水泥、沙石等建筑物料则重量大、体积小,每吨载重量的容积只有0.5～0.7 立方米。农药、氨水等物料需散装、袋装或用特殊容器盛装。蔬菜、水果以及鲜活禽、畜和水产品等装运时易受损伤。这些特点都决定了农业运输机械特殊的结构性能和装运要求。常用的农业运输机械有各种农用车辆、农用船舶和农用索道等。
农用车辆 用于农业运输的车辆在运输过程中要通过不同路面的公路、农村土路、丘陵、牧场或农田。在农村土路上，由于路面高低不平，车辆通过时颠簸振动大，机动车辆的行进速度不宜超过30公里/小时,行进时的阻力约为车辆及装载物总重量的4～5％，比在公路上行进时大1～1.5倍。农用车辆常用的有下列类型。 人、畜力车辆 1956年，中国开始正规生产手推胶轮车和畜力胶轮大车。这两种车辆是在传统人力手推车和畜力大车的基础上，用充气轮胎代替木轮和铁缘木轮，在车轴和轮毂间安装滚动轴承，车架用木制或用钢管和钢板冲压焊接制成。手推胶轮车有单轮及双轮两种。单轮车载重325～400千克，双轮车载重650～800千克。畜力胶轮大车载重2000～2500千克。农村大量推广使用后，运输效率成倍提高。
农业运输车 是结构简单、行驶速度较低的自走式运输机械，主要用于田间运输。有履带式和轮式两种。①小型履带式农业运输车。适用于水田、湿地运输。其特点是采用橡胶履带,接地压力小于20千帕,履带的支承和传动部分密封防水。车厢安装在两条履带的上方，有的可以倾卸,发动机和驾驶座设在车厢后部,发动机功率3～7千瓦,载重量约500千克。②轮式农业运输车。装有15～30千瓦柴油机，行驶速度一般不超过40公里／小时,载重两吨左右。其特点是:底盘结构简单，无钢板弹簧悬架；四轮驱动，用大花纹低压轮胎，通过性能好；设有动力输出轴；更换车厢后可改装成撒厩肥车、自动捡拾车、田间植保车、油罐车等。在道路上行驶比一般的载重汽车振动大、舒适性差。
汽车-拖拉机 利用轻型载重汽车或拖拉机底盘改装而成的，兼有汽车和拖拉机功能的一种多用途车辆。可用以驱动固定作业机械或牵引田间作业机械完成多项作业。底盘上装有车厢，运输速度高于一般拖拉机。
农用汽车 主要用于农村短程运输和公路运输，其发动机多为柴油机。与一般载重汽车相比，农用汽车的牵引能力大，通过性好，车厢容积大并可更换，经过改装还可用于农田运输。
单轨运输车 由装备动力机的牵引车牵引运输车辆，骑跨在一条轻便轨道上行驶。带有齿条的轨道用固定支架铺设在坡地上，并可向任意方向延伸。运输车的离地间隙约20～30厘米，牵引车上的驱动齿轮与轨道的齿条啮合，用一台2～3千瓦的汽油机驱动，行驶速度0.6～0.7米／秒，运载重量200～500千克，爬坡能力45°。上、下坡时由调速制动器控制车速，并有紧急制动器在下坡速度到达常速的 1.3倍时自动起作用。轨道终端设有防止跳出的装置。
在农村公路网比较发达的国家，由载重汽车承担的运输量约占农业总运输量的70～90％。农场内部运输则用拖拉机带挂车。在中国农村，除人、畜力车辆外，机动运输车辆目前以中、小型轮式及手扶拖拉机带挂车运输为主，能适应于较差路面上的低速重载运行。一般用于短途运输，爬坡性能差。1980年以来，小型农用汽车发展迅速。
农船 在中国南方河网地区传统使用人力摇橹、划桨或撑篙驱动的小型木船，船舱可载散装物料、河泥或水粪，舱面可载农产品和秸秆等。1958年以后发展钢丝骨架水泥农船，船的首、尾有空气密封舱，从而增大船体浮力，以保证在中间船舱进水时船体不致下沉。一条排水量为5～6吨的水泥船自重2.1吨,船壳厚16～20毫米。与木船相比，具有船壳光滑，航速高，壳体无拼缝，抗渗透性能好，耐腐蚀性强，涂防腐剂后可装运氨水等腐蚀性液体，维修冲洗方便，使用寿命长，成本低等优点。但水泥船体的韧性和抗冲击性较差，不宜在浅滩多石的河道中行驶，船体重量较大，停驶时上岸不便。
20世纪60年代末，中国发展了由3～9千瓦汽油机或柴油机驱动的定螺距农船挂桨及挂机，装在船尾代替人力驱动，使农船机动化，可提高航速、拖挂农船。农船挂桨的发动机装在船尾舱面，螺旋桨挂于船尾，中间由传动系统联接。农船挂机的发动机与螺旋桨安装成一整体，挂于船尾。1973年又发展了可调螺距农船挂桨，螺旋桨桨叶的螺距角可通过舵柄上的操纵装置进行调节。桨叶角度为正值时螺旋桨推船前进，角度减少则船速度减慢，角度为零时船停不动，角度为负值时船向后退。螺旋桨的转动方向始终不变，可免去齿轮箱，并使调速方便，发动机功率分配合理，以满足农船运输、排灌、吸泥等多种用途的需要。螺旋桨设有保护拖板，航行中遇到浅滩或障碍物能自动上翘，具有良好的通过性能。
1977年前后，中国生产了船体、螺旋桨和发动机三者合理配套的可调螺距机动水泥农船，进一步提高了运输效率。如由 9千瓦柴油机驱动的可调螺距机动水泥船，载重量8～12吨,单船空载航速10～12公里／小时，满载并拖曳两条5吨农船时航速仍达5～6公里／小时。
架空索道 是在两个固定点之间架设悬空索道，利用重力或动力绞盘机运送物料。适用于丘陵山区不便于修建道路而又有集中物资需短距离运输的地段。 农用简易索道由两条平行的承载索、牵引索、绞盘机、滑车等组成。装载物料的滑车利用重力由高处在承载索上滑下，并通过牵引索和装在最高处绕轴旋转的绞盘带回另一条承载索上的空滑车。绞盘上设制动器以限制滑行速度，高差不大时可不设制动器。卸料地点由承载索上的止动器控制，有的可以自动卸料。承载索可用竹索或直径6～8毫米的钢条。包括滑车自重在内的载重量为20～30千克。简易单跨索道的间距一般在40米以内。如用动力机驱动绞盘，通过牵引索带动承载索则可实现往返运输，卸料点由绞盘控制，靠信号指挥。运输距离长或需要转弯时，就在中间架设支架，用鞍座托住承载索，形成多跨索道。承载索采用直径30～50毫米的钢丝绳，载重量200～300千克，运距可达700～800米，运输速度约2.5米／秒。
以中型轮式拖拉机为动力的自走式绞盘机单跨索道除用于一般农业运输外，广泛用于林业集材作业
农业运输机械运送的物料种类繁多，性状各异。如作物秸秆、草捆、青贮饲料等重量轻、体积大，每吨载重量占用的装载容积达4～5立方米。而水泥、沙石等建筑物料则重量大、体积小,每吨载重量的容积只有0.5～0.7 立方米。农药、氨水等物料需散装、袋装或用特殊容器盛装。蔬菜、水果以及鲜活禽、畜和水产品等装运时易受损伤。这些特点都决定了农业运输机械特殊的结构性能和装运要求。常用的农业运输机械有各种农用车辆、农用船舶和农用索道等。
农用车辆 用于农业运输的车辆在运输过程中要通过不同路面的公路、农村土路、丘陵、牧场或农田。在农村土路上，由于路面高低不平，车辆通过时颠簸振动大，机动车辆的行进速度不宜超过30公里/小时,行进时的阻力约为车辆及装载物总重量的4～5％，比在公路上行进时大1～1.5倍。农用车辆常用的有下列类型。 人、畜力车辆 1956年，中国开始正规生产手推胶轮车和畜力胶轮大车。这两种车辆是在传统人力手推车和畜力大车的基础上，用充气轮胎代替木轮和铁缘木轮，在车轴和轮毂间安装滚动轴承，车架用木制或用钢管和钢板冲压焊接制成。手推胶轮车有单轮及双轮两种。单轮车载重325～400千克，双轮车载重650～800千克。畜力胶轮大车载重2000～2500千克。农村大量推广使用后，运输效率成倍提高。
农业运输车 是结构简单、行驶速度较低的自走式运输机械，主要用于田间运输。有履带式和轮式两种。①小型履带式农业运输车。适用于水田、湿地运输。其特点是采用橡胶履带,接地压力小于20千帕,履带的支承和传动部分密封防水。车厢安装在两条履带的上方，有的可以倾卸,发动机和驾驶座设在车厢后部,发动机功率3～7千瓦,载重量约500千克。②轮式农业运输车。装有15～30千瓦柴油机，行驶速度一般不超过40公里／小时,载重两吨左右。其特点是:底盘结构简单，无钢板弹簧悬架；四轮驱动，用大花纹低压轮胎，通过性能好；设有动力输出轴；更换车厢后可改装成撒厩肥车、自动捡拾车、田间植保车、油罐车等。在道路上行驶比一般的载重汽车振动大、舒适性差。
汽车-拖拉机 利用轻型载重汽车或拖拉机底盘改装而成的，兼有汽车和拖拉机功能的一种多用途车辆。可用以驱动固定作业机械或牵引田间作业机械完成多项作业。底盘上装有车厢，运输速度高于一般拖拉机。
农用汽车 主要用于农村短程运输和公路运输，其发动机多为柴油机。与一般载重汽车相比，农用汽车的牵引能力大，通过性好，车厢容积大并可更换，经过改装还可用于农田运输。
单轨运输车 由装备动力机的牵引车牵引运输车辆，骑跨在一条轻便轨道上行驶。带有齿条的轨道用固定支架铺设在坡地上，并可向任意方向延伸。运输车的离地间隙约20～30厘米，牵引车上的驱动齿轮与轨道的齿条啮合，用一台2～3千瓦的汽油机驱动，行驶速度0.6～0.7米／秒，运载重量200～500千克，爬坡能力45°。上、下坡时由调速制动器控制车速，并有紧急制动器在下坡速度到达常速的 1.3倍时自动起作用。轨道终端设有防止跳出的装置。
在农村公路网比较发达的国家，由载重汽车承担的运输量约占农业总运输量的70～90％。农场内部运输则用拖拉机带挂车。在中国农村，除人、畜力车辆外，机动运输车辆目前以中、小型轮式及手扶拖拉机带挂车运输为主，能适应于较差路面上的低速重载运行。一般用于短途运输，爬坡性能差。1980年以来，小型农用汽车发展迅速。
农船 在中国南方河网地区传统使用人力摇橹、划桨或撑篙驱动的小型木船，船舱可载散装物料、河泥或水粪，舱面可载农产品和秸秆等。1958年以后发展钢丝骨架水泥农船，船的首、尾有空气密封舱，从而增大船体浮力，以保证在中间船舱进水时船体不致下沉。一条排水量为5～6吨的水泥船自重2.1吨,船壳厚16～20毫米。与木船相比，具有船壳光滑，航速高，壳体无拼缝，抗渗透性能好，耐腐蚀性强，涂防腐剂后可装运氨水等腐蚀性液体，维修冲洗方便，使用寿命长，成本低等优点。但水泥船体的韧性和抗冲击性较差，不宜在浅滩多石的河道中行驶，船体重量较大，停驶时上岸不便。
20世纪60年代末，中国发展了由3～9千瓦汽油机或柴油机驱动的定螺距农船挂桨及挂机，装在船尾代替人力驱动，使农船机动化，可提高航速、拖挂农船。农船挂桨的发动机装在船尾舱面，螺旋桨挂于船尾，中间由传动系统联接。农船挂机的发动机与螺旋桨安装成一整体，挂于船尾。1973年又发展了可调螺距农船挂桨，螺旋桨桨叶的螺距角可通过舵柄上的操纵装置进行调节。桨叶角度为正值时螺旋桨推船前进，角度减少则船速度减慢，角度为零时船停不动，角度为负值时船向后退。螺旋桨的转动方向始终不变，可免去齿轮箱，并使调速方便，发动机功率分配合理，以满足农船运输、排灌、吸泥等多种用途的需要。螺旋桨设有保护拖板，航行中遇到浅滩或障碍物能自动上翘，具有良好的通过性能。
1977年前后，中国生产了船体、螺旋桨和发动机三者合理配套的可调螺距机动水泥农船，进一步提高了运输效率。如由 9千瓦柴油机驱动的可调螺距机动水泥船，载重量8～12吨,单船空载航速10～12公里／小时，满载并拖曳两条5吨农船时航速仍达5～6公里／小时。
架空索道 是在两个固定点之间架设悬空索道，利用重力或动力绞盘机运送物料。适用于丘陵山区不便于修建道路而又有集中物资需短距离运输的地段。 农用简易索道由两条平行的承载索、牵引索、绞盘机、滑车等组成。装载物料的滑车利用重力由高处在承载索上滑下，并通过牵引索和装在最高处绕轴旋转的绞盘带回另一条承载索上的空滑车。绞盘上设制动器以限制滑行速度，高差不大时可不设制动器。卸料地点由承载索上的止动器控制，有的可以自动卸料。承载索可用竹索或直径6～8毫米的钢条。包括滑车自重在内的载重量为20～30千克。简易单跨索道的间距一般在40米以内。如用动力机驱动绞盘，通过牵引索带动承载索则可实现往返运输，卸料点由绞盘控制，靠信号指挥。运输距离长或需要转弯时，就在中间架设支架，用鞍座托住承载索，形成多跨索道。承载索采用直径30～50毫米的钢丝绳，载重量200～300千克，运距可达700～800米，运输速度约2.5米／秒。
以中型轮式拖拉机为动力的自走式绞盘机单跨索道除用于一般农业运输外，广泛用于林业集材作业
How to eradicate poverty in this year.
This year's International Day for the Eradication of Poverty comes at a particularly challenging time for the world's poor. While we are yet to see the full impact of the global financial crisis on developing countries, it's clear that together with high and volatile food and fuel prices, current global economic conditions threaten the gains that have been made to reduce poverty and advance development for large numbers of people.
The effect of the financial crisis could reduce demand for developing countries' exports, as well as the availability of credit and foreign direct investment to finance projects. Donor countries must recommit to meeting development assistance targets in recognition that in our inter-dependent world in which our destinies are inextricably tied to each other, leaving the poorest and most vulnerable further behind is not acceptable.
For developing countries, it's vital that governments formulate a strong mix of social and economic policies that stimulate productive public and private investment that sustain inclusive growth. Importantly, governments need to resist the pressure to reduce service delivery which impacts the poor particularly hard, and instead ensure that social safety nets are in place for the most vulnerable. It is of particular importance to ensure that poor farmers and small scale entrepreneurs have the protections and opportunities they need to improve their livelihoods.
In these difficult times, it is, therefore, important that we strengthen the protections and recognize the rights of the poor and vulnerable. The theme of this year's Day, "Human Rights and Dignity of People Living in Poverty," is, for that reason, especially pertinent. In this, the 60th year of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, we are reminded that "all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights" and that the fight against poverty is not an act of charity, rather a matter of economic and social rights for all people.
UNDP supports the strengthening of countries' capacity to mainstream human rights in national development programmes and policies, focusing, in particular, on the principles of non-discrimination and equality. In practical terms this means that UNDP supports the design and implementation of national development and poverty reduction strategies that improve opportunities for marginalised and vulnerable groups and supports their participation in the development process.On this International Day for the Eradication of Poverty, let us redouble our efforts to give the most vulnerable individuals and groups the chance to escape poverty and destitution, in respect of human rights for all.
The effect of the financial crisis could reduce demand for developing countries' exports, as well as the availability of credit and foreign direct investment to finance projects. Donor countries must recommit to meeting development assistance targets in recognition that in our inter-dependent world in which our destinies are inextricably tied to each other, leaving the poorest and most vulnerable further behind is not acceptable.
For developing countries, it's vital that governments formulate a strong mix of social and economic policies that stimulate productive public and private investment that sustain inclusive growth. Importantly, governments need to resist the pressure to reduce service delivery which impacts the poor particularly hard, and instead ensure that social safety nets are in place for the most vulnerable. It is of particular importance to ensure that poor farmers and small scale entrepreneurs have the protections and opportunities they need to improve their livelihoods.
In these difficult times, it is, therefore, important that we strengthen the protections and recognize the rights of the poor and vulnerable. The theme of this year's Day, "Human Rights and Dignity of People Living in Poverty," is, for that reason, especially pertinent. In this, the 60th year of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, we are reminded that "all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights" and that the fight against poverty is not an act of charity, rather a matter of economic and social rights for all people.
UNDP supports the strengthening of countries' capacity to mainstream human rights in national development programmes and policies, focusing, in particular, on the principles of non-discrimination and equality. In practical terms this means that UNDP supports the design and implementation of national development and poverty reduction strategies that improve opportunities for marginalised and vulnerable groups and supports their participation in the development process.On this International Day for the Eradication of Poverty, let us redouble our efforts to give the most vulnerable individuals and groups the chance to escape poverty and destitution, in respect of human rights for all.
平民设计
设计的真意有时来自于穷人们。穷则变，变则通，通则巧。穷人的生活到处都是不便，是故穷人的生活中也到处闪现着生活智慧。他们必须调用最有限的生活资源来解决难题，实现欲望。他们也追求浪漫，但永远以廉价和方便为前提。他们的困窘逼出了种种奇思妙想----化废为宝，物尽其用，蔑视所有的规则和成见。穷街陋巷中这些廉价和破败的权宜之计，或许让有品味的设计师觉得有碍观瞻，却把我们带回我们还不富裕的不远的过去。我们在这里看到的是设计的巧思，更是人性的光辉，这是将永远温暖我们的力量。
排烟扇下的接油桶
红色热水瓶罩 引雨水装
三轮车的后视镜
酸奶备花盆
防盗水龙头
报桶
三轮车停车架
水桶加工成的肥皂盒
脸盆做的灯罩
搁架
公路限速坎做成的门槛
晾火腿
排烟扇下的接油桶
红色热水瓶罩 引雨水装
三轮车的后视镜
酸奶备花盆
防盗水龙头
报桶
三轮车停车架
水桶加工成的肥皂盒
脸盆做的灯罩
搁架
公路限速坎做成的门槛
晾火腿
切甘蔗的刀具
How to Improve Poverty-Stricken Areas Using Geospatial Technology
Book Tackles Topic of How to Improve Poverty-Stricken Areas Using Geospatial Technology
Architects and urban designers Rosario Giusti de Pérez and Ramón A. Pérez spent years working on projects to revitalize barrios in their home country of Venezuela. In Analyzing Urban Poverty: GIS for the Developing World, their new book from ESRI Press, they explain how people can use geographic information system (GIS) technology to identify and manage ways of improving the quality of life in poor urban areas.
The Pérezes began using ESRI's GIS software in 1976 to help analyze a proposal to build a town for coal workers in the Guasare-Socuy river valley in Venezuela. Today, they advocate that city planners, urban designers, and others working to improve living conditions in impoverished areas of the world use the technology to manage, analyze, and visualize data related to their projects.
"We have found GIS to be the best tool to help improve the overwhelming problem of urban poverty," the authors wrote.
Squatter settlements are often dilapidated and packed with people and lack enough land to accommodate modern systems for electricity, running water, and sewers. To maximize improvements to the target neighborhood, the Pérezes urge integrating GIS into planning and design when studying the area, then drafting the proposed improvements.
The authors describe their methodology using real scenarios, illustrations, and design ideas to show how GIS can help transform poor neighborhoods into more modern, livable communities. The book explains how users can
Conduct the site analysis of the land and settlement, taking into account such factors as soil, slope, and drainage patterns.
Analyze the built environment to understand social subdivisions and inhabitants' referential elements.
Measure and map levels of poverty to establish priorities and assign resources.
Study how residents use their space such as how they cope with the lack of sidewalks or streets.
Build "what if" scenarios, including 3D models of the urban space, that show what the neighborhood would look like after changes take place such as a new location for a public transportation network.
Decide where to place needed improvements such as roads, sewers, bus stops, sidewalks, and hand railings.
Manage improvement projects to adhere to regulations set by national and local governments.
Keep residents informed about the project by producing maps showing the location of proposed upgrades.
To make up for the common lack of official data about squatter settlements, the Pérezes suggest surveying people in the community for the information. They also caution that tearing down settlements and moving residents into high-rise buildings often fails because it devalues what the community has already built.
"In developing countries, the real use of GIS is to identify the absent or scarce social needs and locate them in the best available space," said the authors. "We need to apply the technology not just for estimating what proportion of public space is needed but also for sensing elements that are absent."
Architects and urban designers Rosario Giusti de Pérez and Ramón A. Pérez spent years working on projects to revitalize barrios in their home country of Venezuela. In Analyzing Urban Poverty: GIS for the Developing World, their new book from ESRI Press, they explain how people can use geographic information system (GIS) technology to identify and manage ways of improving the quality of life in poor urban areas.
The Pérezes began using ESRI's GIS software in 1976 to help analyze a proposal to build a town for coal workers in the Guasare-Socuy river valley in Venezuela. Today, they advocate that city planners, urban designers, and others working to improve living conditions in impoverished areas of the world use the technology to manage, analyze, and visualize data related to their projects.
"We have found GIS to be the best tool to help improve the overwhelming problem of urban poverty," the authors wrote.
Squatter settlements are often dilapidated and packed with people and lack enough land to accommodate modern systems for electricity, running water, and sewers. To maximize improvements to the target neighborhood, the Pérezes urge integrating GIS into planning and design when studying the area, then drafting the proposed improvements.
The authors describe their methodology using real scenarios, illustrations, and design ideas to show how GIS can help transform poor neighborhoods into more modern, livable communities. The book explains how users can
Conduct the site analysis of the land and settlement, taking into account such factors as soil, slope, and drainage patterns.
Analyze the built environment to understand social subdivisions and inhabitants' referential elements.
Measure and map levels of poverty to establish priorities and assign resources.
Study how residents use their space such as how they cope with the lack of sidewalks or streets.
Build "what if" scenarios, including 3D models of the urban space, that show what the neighborhood would look like after changes take place such as a new location for a public transportation network.
Decide where to place needed improvements such as roads, sewers, bus stops, sidewalks, and hand railings.
Manage improvement projects to adhere to regulations set by national and local governments.
Keep residents informed about the project by producing maps showing the location of proposed upgrades.
To make up for the common lack of official data about squatter settlements, the Pérezes suggest surveying people in the community for the information. They also caution that tearing down settlements and moving residents into high-rise buildings often fails because it devalues what the community has already built.
"In developing countries, the real use of GIS is to identify the absent or scarce social needs and locate them in the best available space," said the authors. "We need to apply the technology not just for estimating what proportion of public space is needed but also for sensing elements that are absent."
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